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6 science milestones turning 40 this year

Popular Science

In 1986, we had huge leaps forward, tragic steps back, and life changing innovations. NASA's STS-51L crew members pose for photographs during a break in countdown training at the White Room, Launch Complex 39, Pad B. Left to right are Teacher-in-Space payload specialist Sharon Christa McAuliffe; payload specialist Gregory Jarvis; and astronauts Judith A. Resnik, mission specialist; Francis R. (Dick) Scobee, mission commander; Ronald E. McNair, mission specialist; Mike J. Smith, pilot; and Ellison S. Onizuka, mission specialist. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. It was a year that saw roughly six million Americans hold hands in a continuous (more or less) line across the country to raise money for homelessness. A news anchor named Oprah Winfrey debuted her new talk show.


Russia's law against books by 'foreign agents' signals tightening grip

Al Jazeera

Can Ukraine restore its pre-war borders? Is Russia testing NATO with aerial incursions in Europe? Boris Akunin is one of Russia's most popular authors. Erast Fandorin, his series of historical detective novels, has been adapted into feature films and TV miniseries. But he is also an enemy of the state, having been branded a "foreign agent" by the Russian authorities last year. Akunin, whose real name is Grigory Chkhartishvili, has been outspoken against President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine.


Multiple-Choice Question Generation Using Large Language Models: Methodology and Educator Insights

Biancini, Giorgio, Ferrato, Alessio, Limongelli, Carla

arXiv.org Artificial Intelligence

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in educational settings has brought new learning approaches, transforming the practices of both students and educators. Among the various technologies driving this transformation, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for creating educational materials and question answering, but there are still space for new applications. Educators commonly use Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) to assess student knowledge, but manually generating these questions is resource-intensive and requires significant time and cognitive effort. In our opinion, LLMs offer a promising solution to these challenges. This paper presents a novel comparative analysis of three widely known LLMs - Llama 2, Mistral, and GPT-3.5 - to explore their potential for creating informative and challenging MCQs. In our approach, we do not rely on the knowledge of the LLM, but we inject the knowledge into the prompt to contrast the hallucinations, giving the educators control over the test's source text, too. Our experiment involving 21 educators shows that GPT-3.5 generates the most effective MCQs across several known metrics. Additionally, it shows that there is still some reluctance to adopt AI in the educational field. This study sheds light on the potential of LLMs to generate MCQs and improve the educational experience, providing valuable insights for the future.


'It was just the perfect game': Henk Rogers on buying Tetris and foiling the KGB

The Guardian

When game designer and entrepreneur Henk Rogers first encountered Tetris at the 1988 Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show, he immediately knew it was special. "It was just the perfect game," he recalls. "It looked so simple, so rudimentary, but I wanted to play it again and again and again … There was no other game demo that ever did that to me." Rogers is now co-owner of the Tetris Company, which manages and licenses the Tetris brand. Over the past 30 years, he has become almost as famous as the game itself. The escapades surrounding his deal to buy its distribution rights from Russian agency Elektronorgtechnica (Elorg) were dramatised in an Apple TV film starring Taron Egerton.


'No safety guarantee': Could Ukrainian drones target Putin's Victory Day?

Al Jazeera

Waves of Ukrainian drones have hit Moscow in recent days as the Russian capital prepares for the country's most important national holiday, Victory Day, this week. Russia celebrates May 9 as Victory Day to mark the defeat of Nazi forces in World War II. The day involves a major military parade, with leaders of Russia's allies often in attendance. But this year, the run-up to the day has been clouded by a warning from Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who has said Kyiv cannot guarantee the safety of the foreign leaders attending the parade in Moscow. Here is more about Ukraine's attacks, Victory Day and why it is significant. Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said on Tuesday that Russia's air defence systems shot down 19 drones flying towards Moscow from different directions.


Precise Localization of Memories: A Fine-grained Neuron-level Knowledge Editing Technique for LLMs

Pan, Haowen, Wang, Xiaozhi, Cao, Yixin, Shi, Zenglin, Yang, Xun, Li, Juanzi, Wang, Meng

arXiv.org Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge editing aims to update outdated information in Large Language Models (LLMs). A representative line of study is locate-then-edit methods, which typically employ causal tracing to identify the modules responsible for recalling factual knowledge about entities. However, we find these methods are often sensitive only to changes in the subject entity, leaving them less effective at adapting to changes in relations. This limitation results in poor editing locality, which can lead to the persistence of irrelevant or inaccurate facts, ultimately compromising the reliability of LLMs. We believe this issue arises from the insufficient precision of knowledge localization. To address this, we propose a Fine-grained Neuron-level Knowledge Editing (FiNE) method that enhances editing locality without affecting overall success rates. By precisely identifying and modifying specific neurons within feed-forward networks, FiNE significantly improves knowledge localization and editing. Quantitative experiments demonstrate that FiNE efficiently achieves better overall performance compared to existing techniques, providing new insights into the localization and modification of knowledge within LLMs. Recently, various methods for the precise editing of outdated or wrong knowledge within Large Language Models (LLMs) (Touvron et al., 2023a;b; Jiang et al., 2024; Dubey et al., 2024) have been proposed (Mazzia et al., 2023; Yao et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023). This paper primarily focuses on locate-then-edit methods, which have emerged as a promising and mainstream approach for knowledge editing in LLMs. A key representative of these approaches is ROME (Meng et al., 2022), which employs causal tracing to identify specific modules responsible for recalling facts about subject entities.


Pax Americana persists: American freedoms and creativity have led to unrivaled prosperity throughout the world

FOX News

Fox News co-anchor John Roberts has the latest after President-elect Donald Trump nominates Lt. Gen. Keith Kellogg to serve as assistant to the president and special envoy to Ukraine and Russia on'America Reports.' In the ancient world, the Pax Romana was a legendary historical period during which the western world, under the influence of the Roman Empire, enjoyed 200 years of relative peace, stability and prosperity. Commencing its founding under Caesar Augustus and ending with the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the Pax Romana was marked by lower levels of violence, increasing trade and territorial expansion that saw peak Rome preside over around one-third of the global population. Since that time, there have been a number of eras so similarly named, but none as dynamic as the current one: Pax Americana. Typically dated from the conclusion of World War II in 1945, the Pax Americana is the era of peace, prosperity and progress American power has offered the world since partnering with our allies to slay fascism and confront communism.


When science fiction becomes reality: Experts reveal the most realistic APOCALPYSE movies - so, does your favourite blockbuster give us a glimpse at how the world will end?

Daily Mail - Science & tech

From The Terminator to The Day After Tomorrow, movies have envisioned just about every possibility for how the world might end. If you're a science fiction movie buff, you might think that some of these apocalyptic scenarios seem a little far-fetched. But hold onto your popcorn, as experts say that some of these disastrous plotlines could actually become a reality. While we don't need to worry about an asteroid wiping us out like in Armageddon, experts warn that a bioweapon leak like 12 Monkeys could really end the world. And if your favourite blockbuster does give us a glimpse at how the world will end, not even Bruce Willis will be able to save us. Apocalypse movies find their inspiration in a number of different disasters, but which are the most realistic. An escaped bioweapon could pose a genuine threat of destroying humanity.


Why China's Involvement in the U.K. AI Safety Summit Was So Significant

TIME - Tech

As delegates from around the world and leaders from the tech industry gathered in the U.K. for the first ever AI Safety Summit, there appeared to be harmony between officials of historical rivals China and the U.S. On Wednesday, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo and Chinese Vice Minister of Science and Technology Wu Zhaohui shared a stage at the opening plenary of the U.K. AI Safety Summit. Later that day, the U.S. and China were two of 29 countries to sign the Bletchley Declaration, which affirmed the risks AI poses and commits to international cooperation to identify and mitigate those risks, a crucial initial step to establishing regulation in the future. But simmering beneath these shows of cooperation is an undercurrent of increasing tension between the two AI superpowers. Tech supremacy has been a hallmark of the tensions between the U.S. and China in recent years. In 2017, on the heels of an impressive breakthrough in artificial intelligence by Google Deepmind, China made AI progress a priority with its New Generation AI Development Plan.


China could use AI deepfake technology to disrupt 2024 election, GOP senator warns

FOX News

Senator Pete Ricketts of Nebraska told Fox News Digital on Thursday that he's concerned about China's use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) after a report claimed pro-Chinese groups were spreading CCP propaganda using AI-generated news anchors. EXCLUSIVE: China's expansive artificial intelligence (AI) operations could play a concerning role in the 2024 election cycle, Sen. Pete Ricketts warned on Thursday. "There's absolutely a possibility that they could do that for the 2024 election, and that's what we have to be on guard [for]," Ricketts told Fox News Digital in an interview in his Senate office. During a Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee hearing earlier this month, Ricketts referenced China and its use of AI technology to create "deepfakes," which are fabricated videos and images that can look and sound like real people and events. A report released earlier this year by a U.S.-based research firm claimed a "pro-Chinese spam operation" was using AI deepfakes technology to create videos of fake news anchors reciting Beijing's propaganda.